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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is a country in southern Africa on the Atlantic and Indian coasts.  With a population of 59.6 million, it is the fourth most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa.

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The Republic of South Africa is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho (a country enclosed in South Africa).

 The country has three different capitals: the executive branch in Pretoria, the parliament in Cape Town, and the judiciary in Bloom Fontaine.  The most populous city is Johannesburg (with a population of nearly six million).

 The Republic of South Africa has experienced different evolution from other African countries for three reasons.  First, migration from Europe began shortly after the Dutch East India Company established a station in what is now Cape Town.  The second is the strategic importance of the Cape Canal, which became more important with the closure of the Suez Canal during the Six-Day War, and the third is that the region"s rich mineral resources made it even more important to the West, especially in the late 19th century.  It became more important during the Cold War.

 It is racially diverse due to South African immigration.  The largest hybrid populations of Europeans and Indians are located in Africa.  Blacks make up 80.9% of the population and are therefore the largest ethnic group in the country.  Whites, with a population of 7.8 percent of the total, are a racial minority in the country.  The majority of the population is Christian, but a small group of Muslims (about two percent of the total population) also live there. [15]

 Racial conflicts between the white and black minority minorities have played an important role in South African history and politics, leading to the historic period of apartheid in South Africa, which was founded in 1948 by the South African National Party.  However, there was already racial segregation in the country.  Laws defining apartheid were gradually repealed by the National Party in 1991, due to violent conflicts that included international economic sanctions imposed by the international community.  These conflicts took place between the majority of blacks and many whites, colored people and Indians.

 It is one of the few African countries where a coup has never taken place and regular elections have been held over the past century.  However, the majority of blacks did not have the right to vote until 1994.  It is a founding member of the African Union and has the second largest economy among its members. [16] [17] The Commonwealth of Independent States, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Group of 77 and the Group of 20 are other international organizations.  Of which South Africa is a member.  The Republic of South Africa also joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1994 after the abolition of apartheid. [18]

 The country"s political system is a parliamentary democracy, but the post of head of state and head of state are merged into a parliamentary president-elect.  The parliament consists of two chambers.  The upper house is called the National Assembly of Provinces and the lower house is called the National Assembly.

 South Africa has 11 official languages;  9 languages ??from the African languages ??of the Bantu family and two European languages;  One is the Afrikaans language, which has its roots in Dutch and is the language of the majority of whites and hybrids in the country, and the other is English, which is widely used in commerce and the public sphere, but is only the fifth most spoken language in the home.

 South Africa, known as the Rainbow Nation, was first used by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later used by South African President Nelson Mandela as a metaphor to describe new developments in cultural diversity stemming from apartheid ideology.  South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup and this was the first time the tournament was held in Africa.

 It had close relations with Iran during apartheid, exporting weapons and uranium and importing oil from Iran.  After the Revolution of 1957, Iran joined the South African boycott movement and the two countries severed ties.  After the abolition of apartheid in 1994, relations between the two countries continued